Alcohol has been a part of almost every human culture for a very long time (McGovern 2009). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 2.3 billion people globally drink alcohol, and most of them are from the European region. On average, drinkers consume 32.8 grams of pure alcohol per day, and beer (34.3%) is the most consumed alcoholic beverage (WHO 2018). In the United States, 14 grams of pure alcohol is considered as one standard drink or one unit, and the maximum daily limit for men and women is four and three drinks, respectively (NIAAA 2017). Exceeding this limit increases the risk of cardiovascular, hepatic, and nervous system disorders (Bellentani https://ecosoberhouse.com/ 1997; Fuchs 2001; Gao 2011; Lieber 1998; McCullough 2011; Nutt 1999; Welch 2011).
Apostolidou 2015 published data only
Drinking within these limits can help reduce the risk of hypertension and other cardiovascular issues. Whether you choose wine, beer, or spirits, the quantity of alcohol consumed matters more than the type. In addition to cutting back on alcohol, you can incorporate other lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and stress management, to help lower your blood pressure. “If you have high blood pressure, it’s probably in your best interest to drink minimally,” Morledge said. Vijaya Musini (VM) contributed to data analysis, interpretation of the final result, and editing of the final draft of the review. James M Wright (JMW) formulated the idea, developed the basis of the protocol, and contributed to data analysis, interpretation of the final result, and editing of the final draft of the review.
- The carry?over effect in a cross?over trial can confound the effects of subsequent treatment.
- Alcohol consumption increases the amount of calcium that binds to the blood vessels.
- Keeping blood pressure within a healthy range can reduce the risk of adverse health outcomes.
- Hering 2011, Carter 2011, and Spaak 2008 reported an increase in muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA), which persists for at least 10 hours after consumption.
- Furthermore, we visually inspected the forest plot to check whether there were any non?overlapping confidence intervals indicating heterogeneity.
Retterstol 2005 published data only
We are aware of one systematic review on effects of alcohol on blood pressure that was published in 2005 (McFadden 2005). McFadden 2005 included both randomised and non?randomised studies with a minimum of 24 hours of blood pressure observation after alcohol consumption. This systematic review searched only the MEDLINE database for relevant studies, hence it was not exhaustive. Review authors included nine studies involving a total of 119 participants, and the duration of these studies was between four and seven days. Participants in those studies consumed alcohol regularly during the study period, whereas in our systematic Drug rehabilitation review, we included only studies in which participants consumed alcohol for a short period. Based on nine studies, McFadden 2005 reported that the mean increase in SBP was 2.7 mmHg and in DBP was 1.4 mmHg.
Stott 1991 published data only
Intermediate (7 to 12 hours) and how does alcohol effect blood pressure late (after 13 hours) effects of the medium dose of alcohol on HR were based on only four trials and were not statistically different compared to placebo. Even though these studies reported that participants were randomised to receive alcohol or placebo, the method of randomisation was not mentioned. Although three studies did not report the method of randomisation (Barden 2013; Buckman 2015; Dai 2002), their reported baseline characteristics were well matched.
- Drinking too much alcohol—such as binge drinking (five or more drinks for men or four or more drinks for women in one sitting)—causes a temporary spike in blood pressure.
- AARP is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that empowers people to choose how they live as they age.
- Dumont 2010, Karatzi 2013, Kawano 1992, and Williams 2004 reported reasons for participant withdrawal and excluded their data from the final analysis.
- The United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Holland and Australia recently reviewed new evidence and lowered their alcohol consumption recommendations.
- The blood alcohol level decreased over time, and 20?HETE started to rise (Barden 2013).
Criteria for considering studies for this review
Dai 2002 gave participants five minutes to consume high doses of alcohol and measured outcomes immediately. On the other hand, Fantin 2016 allowed participants to continue drinking during the period of outcome measurement. These differences in alcohol consumption duration and in outcome measurement times probably contributed to the wide variation in blood pressure in these studies and affected overall results of the meta?analysis. We did not consider the lack of blinding of participants as a downgrading factor for certainty of evidence because we do not think that it affected the outcomes of this systematic review.
Marczinski 2018 published data only
Of the 32 studies, two studied low?dose alcohol, 12 studied medium?dose alcohol, and 19 studied high?dose alcohol. The sample size in the meta?analysis for low?dose comparison was not adequate to assess the effects of low doses of alcohol on BP and HR; however, we believe that the direction of the change in BP and HR was correct. For medium doses and high doses of alcohol, participants represented a range in terms of age, sex, and health condition. Because the participant population comprised predominantly young and healthy normotensive men, the overall evidence generated in this review cannot be extrapolated to women and older populations with other comorbidities. This review summarises the acute effects of different doses of alcohol on blood pressure and heart rate in adults (? 18 years of age) during three different time intervals after ingestion of alcohol.
Argani 2016 published data only
The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rises faster in women because they have a smaller volume of distribution (Kwo 1998). In contrast, women eliminate alcohol from the body a little faster than men (Thomasson 2000). Different genetic variants of ADH and ALDH enzymes have been found to show strikingly different rates of alcohol metabolism among different races (Chen 1999; Peng 2014; Agarwal 1981).